{"id":1120,"date":"2020-02-28T14:36:32","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T19:36:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pappost.com\/?p=1120"},"modified":"2020-02-28T14:36:38","modified_gmt":"2020-02-28T19:36:38","slug":"le-rara-nous-revele-la-culture-metissee-dhaiti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pappost.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/28\/le-rara-nous-revele-la-culture-metissee-dhaiti\/","title":{"rendered":"Le \u00abrara\u00bb nous r\u00e9v\u00e8le la culture m\u00e9tiss\u00e9e d\u2019Ha\u00efti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Par Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ch\u00e9restal
Sp\u00e9cialiste en Tourisme\/ Marketing<\/em>
pierrefredericcherestal@gmail.com<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019homme (la femme) ha\u00eftien (ne) est un \u00eatre qui chante et qui danse. Son rapport au r\u00e9el prend forme \u00e0 travers des expressions artistiques\u00a0diverses : musique, chant, danse, peinture, arts plastiques, etc. Cette philosophie de la vie qui, loin d\u2019\u00eatre une forme d\u2019h\u00e9donisme, propose une utilisation des arts pour aborder la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 se r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00eatre un gage d\u2019espoir, dans un dynamisme transformateur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Origines et \u00e9volutions du Rara en Ha\u00efti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le terme \u00ab\u00a0rara\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9signe, dans sa signification commune, une f\u00eate ha\u00eftienne populaire qui couvre la p\u00e9riode de Car\u00eame. Ces festivit\u00e9s sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par des d\u00e9fil\u00e9es de bandes, dites \u00ab\u00a0bann rara (en cr\u00e9ole)\u00a0\u00bb. \u00c0 l\u2019instar de la plupart des traits culturels ha\u00eftiens, le Rara a des origines diverses. Il \u00e9pouse les diff\u00e9rents peuples et civilisations qui ont habit\u00e9 l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Ha\u00efti\u00a0au-del\u00e0 et \u00e0 partir du XVe si\u00e8cle : Arawaks, Africains et Europ\u00e9ens. Certains auteurs associent le Rara \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de l\u2019\u00e9quinoxe du printemps par les Am\u00e9rindiens. Dans ce m\u00eame ordre d\u2019id\u00e9es, Jean Coulanges a observ\u00e9 des similitudes entre la pratique des jongleurs ha\u00eftiens et celle des descendants actuels des Mayas du Guatemala et de l\u2019\u00c9quateur (Dautruche, 2013). Ils jonglent pour honorer la nature. Traditionnellement, on raconte que les d\u00e9fil\u00e9es de Rara \u00e0 L\u00e9og\u00e2ne et dans l\u2019Artibonite s\u2019expliquent par le fait que la Reine Anaconda, Cacique du Xaragua, se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ait depuis L\u00e9og\u00e2ne avec sa garde d\u2019honneur, au son de la musique, pour aller visiter son mari Caonabo, Cacique de la Maguana, dans\u00a0l\u2019Artibonite. Chez les Espagnols, on admet que le Rara a h\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la f\u00eate espagnole \u00ab\u00a0La Cruz\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0F\u00eate de la Croix\u00a0\u00bb qui se d\u00e9roulait pendant la semaine sainte. Des traditions fran\u00e7aises, on associe le Rara aux diff\u00e9rentes c\u00e9l\u00e9brations pa\u00efennes autour du printemps, pendant la p\u00e9riode de la f\u00e9odalit\u00e9. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des Africains, on a d\u00e9couvert des liens entre des festivit\u00e9s chez les tribus Yoruba et Congo. Dans leurs dialectes, le terme \u00ab\u00a0rara\u00a0\u00bb signifie litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab\u00a0hautement, bruyamment\u00a0\u00bb (Courlander, 1960). D\u2019origines multiples, nous devons admettre que le Rara puise ses racines chez nos anc\u00eatres am\u00e9rindiens, europ\u00e9ens et africains. \u00c0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, ces festivit\u00e9s furent model\u00e9es par les Ha\u00eftiens en fonction de leurs r\u00e9alit\u00e9s propres. Ces dites r\u00e9alit\u00e9s se traduisent essentiellement par les liens unissant le Rara au Vodou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Image: Kokoye Overblog<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Caract\u00e9ristiques et liens avec le Vodou<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le terme \u00ab\u00a0rara\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9signe un bruit fort, voire assourdissant. D\u2019o\u00f9 la populaire expression cr\u00e9ole \u00ab\u00a0pa vin f\u00e8 rara\u00a0la\u00a0\u00bb. Les festivit\u00e9s de rara sont pratiqu\u00e9es en bandes organis\u00e9es qui \u00e9voluent sous le leadership d\u2019un chef. Traditionnellement, une bande rara (bann rara) est ainsi structur\u00e9e : le Samba qui prend place devant 5 cornets (au plus) et des vaccines. Puis, nous avons le \u00ab\u00a0Bass drum\u00a0\u00bb, tambour et Kata. Les \u00ab\u00a0cornets\u00a0\u00bb sont plac\u00e9s apr\u00e8s les tambours ou les \u00ab\u00a0Sambas\u00a0\u00bb. Le meneur (connu sous le nom de \u00ab\u00a0colonel\u00a0\u00bb dans certaines r\u00e9gions) porte le \u00ab\u00a0fw\u00e8t kach\u00a0\u00bb et se place devant les \u00ab\u00a0cornets\u00a0\u00bb, puis pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 par des \u00ab\u00a0majors joncs\u00a0\u00bb (D\u00e9cime, 2012). Comme la majorit\u00e9 de nos traditions culturelles, le Rara est intimement li\u00e9 au Vodou. En effet, de nombreux chercheurs attestent qu\u2019une bande de Rara se forme suite \u00e0 la demande sp\u00e9cifique d\u2019un Loa, divinit\u00e9 du vodou. Cette demande est transmise soit lors d\u2019un songe ou pendant une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie.\u00a0Le destinataire du message a pour devoir d\u2019organiser les festivit\u00e9s aux dates requises. Une telle responsabilit\u00e9 se transmet \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Dans le but d\u2019attirer la protection et les \u00ab\u00a0chances\u00a0\u00bb de toutes sortes, pour les dirigeants, membres et participants du groupe, des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies vodoues sont c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9es au d\u00e9but du cycle annuel de rara et avant chaque prestation ou sorties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9volutions pendant la p\u00e9riode contemporaine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les diff\u00e9rents changements qui affectent le corps social ha\u00eftien ont leurs impacts sur nos pratiques socio-culturelles, dont le Rara. Objet de critiques diverses, sp\u00e9cialement pour ses relations \u00e9troites avec le Vodou, le Rara conna\u00eet des \u00e9volutions diverses \u00e0 travers sa structuration, la r\u00e9alisation des festivit\u00e9s et ses relations avec ce que nous pouvons appeler \u00ab\u00a0le sponsorship\u00a0\u00bb des entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9. En effet, prenant le cas de la ville de L\u00e9og\u00e2ne, Dautruche (Dautruche, 2013) souligne un ensemble de mutations au niveau du Rara. Concernant ces derniers, nous retenons quatre (4) principaux changements. Dans un premier temps, il s\u2019agit des \u00e9volutions autour des c\u00e9l\u00e9brations des festivit\u00e9s de Rara dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 \u00e0 L\u00e9og\u00e2ne. En effet, ces f\u00eates laissent le cadre \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9lectif\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0mystique\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0ferm\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb pour devenir une f\u00eate populaire, une attraction touristique ouverte au grand public (ha\u00eftiens des villes voisines, membres de la diaspora et \u00e9trangers). D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, ce sera l\u2019investissement de l\u2019espace urbain par les bandes de Rara, qui se produisent de plus en plus dans nos diff\u00e9rentes villes. Plus loin, les rivalit\u00e9s entre bandes vont laisser le terrain des affrontements (physiques et mystiques), pour devenir musicales (m\u00e9ringues, harmonies, animation, etc.) et esth\u00e9tiques (d\u00e9guisements, banderoles, drapeaux, d\u00e9corations, etc.). Enfin, la structuration des diff\u00e9rentes bandes, au sein de l\u2019Union des Rara de L\u00e9og\u00e2ne (URAL), par exemple, et l\u2019appui financier de l\u2019\u00c9tat ha\u00eftien (via les Mairies et Minist\u00e8res) octroient une l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 certaine aux acteurs impliqu\u00e9s dans ces c\u00e9l\u00e9brations. Au final, soulignons que des entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9 financent, de plus en plus, ces festivit\u00e9s. L\u00e9gitime et louable au d\u00e9part, cette pratique de sponsoriser les bandes de Rara a des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur les festivit\u00e9s, par l\u2019utilisation abusive de mat\u00e9riels de promotion (t-shirt, casquettes, etc.), avec les couleurs, logos et noms des compagnies\/ des marques. Ces pratiques participent dans la d\u00e9naturation des c\u00e9l\u00e9brations de Rara. Tr\u00e8s d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es dans nos villes de provinces, les festivit\u00e9s de Rara se pratiquent aussi en milieu urbain, particuli\u00e8rement au sein des quartiers populaires. La tradition Rara est tr\u00e8s r\u00e9put\u00e9e dans diff\u00e9rentes villes et r\u00e9gions d\u2019Ha\u00efti\u00a0: L\u00e9og\u00e2ne, Gona\u00efves, Pestel, Port-au-Prince,\u00a0Nippes, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019homme (la femme) ha\u00eftien (ne) est un \u00eatre qui chante et qui danse. Du berceau \u00e0 la tombe, sa vie est rythm\u00e9e par les chants, les pas de danse, la musique et la m\u00e9lodie. L\u2019art est intrins\u00e8que \u00e0 son rapport au r\u00e9el. Parmi les divers \u00e9l\u00e9ments culturels d\u2019Ha\u00efti, nous retrouvons le Rara, qui est une pratique culturelle issue des traditions am\u00e9rindiennes, europ\u00e9ennes et africaines. Pratique m\u00e9tiss\u00e9e, le rara est profond\u00e9ment li\u00e9 au Vodou. Il\u00a0connait depuis quelques ann\u00e9es des \u00e9volutions diverses, dont la structuration de diff\u00e9rentes bandes de Rara, l\u2019int\u00e9gration des villes dans l\u2019itin\u00e9raire des bandes, l\u2019emphase sur la musicalit\u00e9 et l\u2019esth\u00e9tique au d\u00e9triment des rivalit\u00e9s violentes entre les groupes, le renforcement du soutien des collectivit\u00e9s et de l\u2019\u00c9tat central et la mise en tourisme de ces c\u00e9l\u00e9brations dans diff\u00e9rentes zones du pays. \u00c9l\u00e9ment essentiel du patrimoine culturel d\u2019Ha\u00efti, le Rara est un bien commun \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger et \u00e0 transmettre aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ch\u00e9restalSp\u00e9cialiste en Tourisme\/ Marketingpierrefredericcherestal@gmail.com L\u2019homme (la femme) ha\u00eftien (ne) est un \u00eatre qui…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1121,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[40],"class_list":["post-1120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","tag-culture"],"yoast_head":"\nLe \u00abrara\u00bb nous r\u00e9v\u00e8le la culture m\u00e9tiss\u00e9e d\u2019Ha\u00efti 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