{"id":1042,"date":"2020-02-17T16:52:41","date_gmt":"2020-02-17T21:52:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pappost.com\/?p=1042"},"modified":"2020-02-17T17:06:13","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T22:06:13","slug":"arretons-ce-faux-debat-autour-du-carnaval-national-de-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pappost.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/17\/arretons-ce-faux-debat-autour-du-carnaval-national-de-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"Arr\u00eatons ce \u00abfaux d\u00e9bat\u00bb autour du carnaval national de 2020 !"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Par Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ch\u00e9restal <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depuis tant\u00f4t un mois, un faux d\u00e9bat fait rage en Ha\u00efti concernant la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration du carrnaval national de 2020. La conjoncture sociopolitique tend \u00e0 opposer certains \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de cette f\u00eate traditionnelle. La politisation exag\u00e9r\u00e9e de divers aspects de la vie nationale nous met face au respect et la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de nos traditions s\u00e9culaires. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d\u2019analyser le carnaval ha\u00eftien, en mettant l\u2019emphase sur son histoire, son \u00e9volution, son importance et, au final, sa politisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire et \u00e9volution du carnaval \u00e0 travers le monde<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de festivit\u00e9s est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment fondamental de la vie humaine. Allant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments naturels (eaux, mer, ciel, nuages…) \u00e0 l\u2019apparition des divinit\u00e9s dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines (Eliade, 1949), elle fait partie de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine et consiste en un \u00e9l\u00e9ment commun de tout espace anthropis\u00e9. Allant des \u00e9poques nomades, \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation des villes antiques, les diverses c\u00e9l\u00e9brations, autour des changements lunaires, des cycles agraires, les diff\u00e9rents peuples, civilisations et regroupements sont parvenus \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de festivit\u00e9s annuelles ou p\u00e9riodiques. Ce qui nous amena au carnaval dans sa forme r\u00e9cente. Le terme carnaval vient de l\u2019Italien \u00ab Carnevalo \u00bb ou \u00ab Carnevale \u00bb qui signifie litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab enlever la viande \u00bb. On l\u2019associe aux f\u00eates antiques de Lupercales<\/a> des Romains, ou des Dionysiaques<\/a>, chez les Grecs. Le substantif fran\u00e7ais \u00ab carnaval \u00bb appara\u00eett autour du 16e si\u00e8cle (1549) en France. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une festivit\u00e9, selon le calendrier chr\u00e9tien, qui d\u00e9bute \u00e0 l\u2019Epiphanie (le 6 Janvier), date marquant la fin des f\u00eates de No\u00ebl, jusqu\u2019au Mardi-Gras, date rappelant le d\u00e9but du Car\u00eame (entre 3 F\u00e9vrier et le 9 Mars). Cette f\u00eate est tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue en Europe et en Am\u00e9rique. La c\u00e9l\u00e9bration du Carnaval consiste en une p\u00e9riode pendant laquelle les habitants d\u2019un pays sortent d\u00e9guis\u00e9s, pour chanter, danser, faire de la musique en pleine rue et d\u00e9filer en parade. Connu pour son aspect satirique, licencieux, \u00e9rotique et cr\u00e9atif, le carnaval est tr\u00e8s reconnu, pour la p\u00e9riode contemporaine, comme un \u00e9l\u00e9ment moteur de bon nombre \u00e9conomie de pays\/ villes \u00e0 travers le monde. En effet, sa c\u00e9l\u00e9bration entra\u00eene de forts mouvements d\u00e9mographiques et \u00e9conomiques. Parmi les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres destinations r\u00e9put\u00e9es pour leur Carnaval dans le monde, citons : Venise, Rio, Nice, Trinidad & Tobago, Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans, B\u00e2le, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Apparition, \u00e9volution du carnaval ha\u00eftien<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019apparition du carnaval en Ha\u00efti comme festivit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas bien document\u00e9e. Toutefois, on admet, que sa transplantation en Am\u00e9rique, dont en Ha\u00efti, fut faite par les colons espagnols au 16e si\u00e8cle. Appel\u00e9 \u00ab Kanaval \u00bb ou \u00ab Mardi-Gras \u00bb, ces festivit\u00e9s suivent les m\u00eames calendriers qu\u2019en Europe. Allant de l\u2019Epiphanie au Car\u00eame, le carnaval se d\u00e9roule le plus souvent en f\u00e9vrier \u00e0 Port-au-Prince et dans les principales villes de provinces du pays. On a tendance \u00e0 subdiviser les r\u00e9cits sur les festivit\u00e9s carnavalesques en deux grandes p\u00e9riodes : 1. De la colonie fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 1915, 2. De 1915 \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode contemporaine (Ledan, 2019). Toutefois, il faut retenir que la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration du Carnaval national, comme nous le connaissons sous sa forme actuelle en Ha\u00efti (avec les chars, les reines, un parcours pr\u00e9\u00e9tablis, etc.) sous sa forme europ\u00e9enne, date du 20e si\u00e8cle, sous la pr\u00e9sidence de Louis Borno (1922- 1930). Expression fondamentale de la satire sociale, le carnaval en Ha\u00efti reste l\u2019espace privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 des critiques contre l\u2019ordre social, politique et \u00e9conomique. D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019int\u00e9gration continue et croissante de l\u2019\u00c9tat central (pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif), dans son organisation, pour \u00ab contr\u00f4ler \u00bb la critique \u00e9manant des meringues carnavalesques. Ce qui explique aussi les changements autour de sa r\u00e9alisation, du parcours \u00e0 suivre, de l\u2019implication relative du pouvoir central et du choix des groupes musicaux \u00e0 prendre part au d\u00e9fil\u00e9 officiel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Importance \u00e9conomique et politisation du carnaval en Ha\u00efti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le carnaval national ha\u00eftien est une festivit\u00e9 populaire rassemblant des dizaines de milliers de f\u00eatards. Il se d\u00e9roule \u00e0 Port-au-Prince et dans les principales de provinces, dont : Jacmel, Cap-Haitien, Gona\u00efves, Ouanaminthe, etc. La c\u00e9l\u00e9bration du carnaval est une occasion tant attendue par beaucoup d\u2019Ha\u00eftiens pour assurer une rentr\u00e9e \u00e9conomique : entrepreneurs du secteur des affaires, les petits commer\u00e7ants du secteur informel, musiciens, artisans, etc. Les diff\u00e9rentes composantes du d\u00e9fil\u00e9 carnavalesque (stands, chars, bandes \u00e0 pied, troupes de danse) et les entr\u00e9es (en termes de visiteurs) en Ha\u00efti peuvent nous donner un aper\u00e7u concernant les possibles retomb\u00e9es \u00e9conomiques du carnaval ha\u00eftien. Le carnaval est l\u2019un des moments o\u00f9 les visiteurs (d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments de la diaspora ou des \u00e9trangers) augmentent exponentiellement en Ha\u00efti. Le budget du carnaval se chiffre en millions de gourde. Par exemple, en 2019 on pr\u00e9voyait un budget de 190 millions de gourdes (pr\u00e8s de 2 millions de dollars US) pour c\u00e9l\u00e9brer le carnaval national aux Gona\u00efves. \u00c0 cette somme, il faut ajouter des investissements du secteur priv\u00e9. L\u2019int\u00e9gration croissante des autorit\u00e9s \u00e9tatiques ne diminue pas les critiques contre les pouvoirs en place. Tout y passe : \u00ab zen \u00bb sur les membres de gouvernements, faits divers, slogans, artistes, d\u00e9boires de personnalit\u00e9s publiques, etc. Ce qui se traduit par une volont\u00e9 continue et persistante des diff\u00e9rents gouvernements de pratiquer une sorte de \u00ab licence \u00bb contre les artistes et groupes musicaux, par l\u2019offre ou non des chars et la participation au d\u00e9fil\u00e9 officiel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 ses faiblesses (essentiellement en termes de planification, de promotion, de rentabilit\u00e9 et de gestion de la logistique) le carnaval national reste le plus grand \u00e9v\u00e8nement socio-culturel d\u2019Ha\u00efti. C\u2019est l\u2019une des rares manifestations culturelles o\u00f9 chaque ha\u00eftien peut, sans tenir compte de son teint, son niveau d\u2019\u00e9tude, son capital \u00e9conomique et ses origines, se d\u00e9fouler librement au vu et su de tous. Le carnaval est le symbole le plus flagrant de la libert\u00e9 en Ha\u00efti ! C\u2019est un bien commun. Vouloir sa c\u00e9l\u00e9bration ne fait pas d\u2019une personne un partisan de l\u2019actuelle \u00e9quipe au pouvoir. Tout comme, proposer son report en 2020, pour des raisons multiples et sens\u00e9es (dont la situation s\u00e9curitaire dans nos principales villes et la d\u00e9b\u00e2cle \u00e9conomique actuelle), ne fait pas non plus d\u2019une personne un partisan de l\u2019opposition politique. On doit arr\u00eater avec ce faux d\u00e9bat ! Tout comme nos diff\u00e9rentes traditions (soupe \u00ab joumou \u00bb du 1er janvier, Rara, F\u00eates champ\u00eatres, Maj\u00f2 jon, etc.), la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration du carnaval est une tradition \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger et \u00e0 transmettre aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures.  
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ch\u00e9restal Depuis tant\u00f4t un mois, un faux d\u00e9bat fait rage en Ha\u00efti concernant…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1043,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[80,33],"class_list":["post-1042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","tag-carnaval","tag-haiti"],"yoast_head":"\nArr\u00eatons ce \u00abfaux d\u00e9bat\u00bb autour du carnaval national de 2020 ! - Port-au-Prince Post<\/title>\n<meta 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